Cuatro ases: críticos y sociólogos en Brasil y en Argentina

El estudio aislado de trayectorias intelectuales suele ser víctima de un error que Pierre Bourdieu ha denominado "ilusión biográfica". La estrategia analítica de comparar itinerarios individuales inscriptos en contextos aproximables permite eventualmente una aprehensión más atenta a los condicionantes y a las circunstancias sociales incorporadas en los mismos. En tal dirección examinaremos en este artículo la trayectoria de cuatro personajes –Florestan Fernandes y Gino Germani, Antonio Candido y Adolfo Prieto– que fueron protagonistas de la modernización de la sociología y la crítica literaria respectivamente en Brasil y Argentina entre las décadas de 1950 y 1960.The study of isolated intellectual careers is very often victim of an error that Pierre Bourdieu has called "biographical illusion". The analytic strategy based on comparison of individual itineraries involved in similar contexts allows eventually an apprehension more attentive to the social factors that constraints them. In this sense, this article looks at the trajectory of four characters –Florestan Fernandes, Gino Germani, Antonio Candido and Adolfo Prieto - who were the main protagonists of the modernization of sociology and literary criticism in Brazil and Argentina between the decades of the 1950 and 1960.Fil: Blanco, Alejandro Raul. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jackson, Luiz. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

O caudilho da sociologia mexicana: Pablo González Casanova e A democracia no México

The article discusses the trajectory of the Mexican sociologist Pablo González Casanova within the process of institutionalization of the social sciences in Mexico, comparing it with those of Gino Germani in Argentina and Florestan Fernandes in Brazil.O artigo discute a trajetória do sociólogo mexicano Pablo González Casanova no interior do proceso de institucionalização das ciências sociais no México, comparando-a com as de Gino Germani, na Argentina, e Florestan Fernandes, no Brasil

Raúl Prebisch and Federico Pinedo: technical expertise and politics in the “década infame"

El artículo reconstruye los orígenes familiares y las trayectorias sociales de Raúl Prebisch y de Federico Pinedo con el fin de poner de relieve los factores sociales y políticos que propiciaron, durante la “década infame” (1930-1943), el consorcio de Prebisch con la élite agroexportadora, que, ante la crisis de 1929 y su secuela la Gran Depresión 1930-1932, apoyó su cruzada de dejar en manos de los economistas el manejo de la política económica y financiera del país. ¿Por qué este movimiento de renovación intelectual y política en medio del orden conservador restaurado convergió en las figuras de Pinedo y de Prebisch? ¿Cómo es que este último llegó a convertirse, a un mismo tiempo, en el hombre de confianza de la oligarquía y en el líder de una nueva categoría de expertos, los economistas? ¿Por qué un decenio más tarde devino en el intelectual aislado y maldito? Buscamos responder estos interrogantes al articular dos planos de análisis: el del origen social y propiedades de trayectoria pertinentes de Pinedo y de Prebisch, por un lado, y el de los diferentes imperativos y apremios políticos que marcaron esa década tormentosa, por el otro.This article reconstructs the social origins and careers of Raúl Prebisch and Federico Pinedo in order to highlight the social and political factors that led, during the “década infame” (1930-1943), to the Prebisch consortium with the agro-export elite, which, in the face of the crisis of the 1929 and its aftermath the Great Depression 1930-1932, supported his crusade to leave the management of the country economic and financial policy to the economists. Why did this movement of intellectual and political renewal in the midst of the restored conservative order converge on Pinedo and Prebisch figures? How was it possible for him to become, at the same time, the trusted man of the oligarchy and the leader of a new category of experts, the economist? Why would he turn to be the cursed and isolated intellectual only a decade later? We are seeking to answer these questions by articulating two different approaches to the analysis: on the one hand, the one based on Pinedo and Prebisch social origins and relevant career properties, and on the other, that which stands on the different political imperatives and constraints that marked that stormy decade.Fil: Blanco, Alejandro Raul. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barboza, Darlan Praxedes. No especifíca

Sociologia, cultura e política no México

Os textos reunidos neste Dossiê permitem ao leitor de Tempo Social familiarizar-se com o contexto inicial de implantação institucional da sociologia no México, que se deu, embora com ritmos e efeitos desiguais, aproximadamente no mesmo período (1930-1970) que em muitos países da América Latina, especialmente o Brasil, a Argentina e o Chile.Fil: Jackson, Luiz Carlos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Blanco, Alejandro Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasi

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe